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Practice good hygiene: Wash your hands and maintain hygiene habits that support overall wellness

Figure 4 Epithelial cells Similar to their effects on mesangial cells, AGE also induce the production of RAGE, ROS, TGF-1 and type I collagen in tubular epithelial cells in vitro (Figure 2) and also activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)- ( Although the mechanisms involved are not fully elucidated, AMPK- regulation of RAGE could involve increased tubular epithelial cell production of the antioxidant thioredoxin ( AGE-induced type I collagen production in epithelial cells is regulated by both mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-induced/TGF-1-independent and TGF-1-dependent Smad cell signals ( Moreover, both AGE-induced MAPK activity and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in rat NRK-52E cells are blocked by treatment with AT1R blockers (e.g., olemesartan, irbesartan, losartan) ( In summary, RAGE activation in epithelial cells induces cell signals (DIAPH1, MAPK, SMAD2/3, NF-B) and promotes the production of molecules (ROS, TGF-1, type I collagen, -SMA, HMGB1) commonly associated with fibrogenesis, EMT, and inflammation

It may result from nickel contamination in the copper alloy or from irritant reactions unrelated to immune activation

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