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3.2 Therapeutic potential via paracrine mechanisms The therapeutic effects of MSCs are primarily mediated through their paracrine activity, which involves the secretion of bioactive factorssuch as growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, and EVsto modulate the local microenvironment (Pittenger et al., 2019

Kojima K, Kornblau SM, Ruvolo V, Duvvuri S, Davis RE, Zhang M, Wang Z, Coombes KR, Zhang N, Qiu YH, Burks JK, Ruvolo P, Shacham S, Kauffman M, Andreeff M

This paradoxical nature extends to OS, which increases PRKAA1/AMPK1 to induce glycolysis

PTT presents numerous benefits for AD therapy, including operational flexibility, non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal modulation, and synergistic multimodal treatment approaches