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Long-term nicotine use affects digestive health through multiple mechanisms: Altering gut microbiome composition and diversity Changing blood flow patterns to digestive organs Modifying nervous system signaling pathways Creating dependency for normal bowel function For people with Crohn's disease, continuing nicotine use can be particularly harmful

Therefore, plain packaging could improve not only tobacco control but also asthma, allergy and COPD prevalence together with the protection of vulnerable groups exposed to second hand smoking

None of those options should be described as smell-free or lower risk

The various toxicants in mainstream smoke are formed by distinct physical and chemical processes (Baker 2006