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Using real numbers, if the quantity demanded drops from 100 units to 95 units when the price rises from $5 to $5.50, the PED is: PED = (95 100) / 100 * 5.5 5 / 5 * 5 = -5/100 * 0.1 / 5/50 * 10 = -0.05 / 0.2 = -0.25 The mid-point formula is an alternative approach that uses the average change in demand and price: PED = (Q2 Q1) / (Q1 + Q2) * 0.5 / (P2 P1) / (P1 + P2) * 0.5 For the example above, the mid-point PED would be: PED = (95 100) / (95 + 100) * 0.5 / (5.5 5) / (5 + 5.5) * 0.5 = -5/195 * 0.5 / 0.5/105 * 0.5 = -0.026 / 0.048 = -0.54 Compared to the first formula, the mid-point elasticity is a bit higher in magnitude, indicating demand is slightly more elastic

Human Rights Watch identified interviewees through outreach in tobacco farming communities, and with the assistance of journalists, researchers, local leaders, and organizations serving farming families

They are the traditional type of cigarettes and typically have a higher nicotine content

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