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Spending on cancer research might go to offset the rising toxicity levels of wild fish and consequential human suffering

The annual cost of vaping could be $900

Firstly, while results from the multivariable MR analysis conceptually help obtain a marginal estimate of the effect size between an exposure of interest and the outcome by conditioning competing risk factors, the model can potentially over-correct true associations as the underlying model does not distinguish between horizontal (independent of causality) and vertical (in line with causality) pleiotropy