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The routine incorporation of objective biomarkers, such as cotinine levels, into study protocols is recommended to more reliably differentiate between active or passive smoking exposure

For example, according to a recent study on convenience store behaviors among youth and young adults, one-third of the participants purchased tobacco when visiting a gas station, suggesting that non-specialized retailers serve as critical access points in the acquisition and initiation of tobacco products [24]

Target gene expression was normalized to housekeeping gene expression (GAPDH)

Inhaled budesonide in experimental chlorine gas lung injury: influence of time interval between injury and treatment