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In 1992, only the state of California offered a quitline

Other techniques used by the spit tobacco industry to attract and keep new customers include coupons and retail value-added promotions, public entertainment, sponsorship of sporting events and concerts, distribution of free samples, magazine advertising, and continuing to use the term "smokeless." Links to role models and athletes in the arenas of rodeo, car racing, baseball, football, soccer, fishing and hunting continue to be promoted by the spit tobacco industry in their appeal to new and younger potential users

This significantly enhanced "Nanyang's" technological level, production capacity, and market competitiveness

Alpha diversity indexes, including Ace, Sobs, Chao, Shannon, Simpson and Coverage, were calculated using Mothur software ( to evaluate microbial community richness and diversity