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This study investigated whether abnormal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) methylation and gene expression are involved in mitochondrial dysfunction in airway epithelial cell lines and COPD primary epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE)

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Figure 1: Trends in PM 10 levels, by monitoring site in Aotearoa, 201623 Figure 2: Days above 24-hour 2021 World Health Organization air quality guideline for PM 10 , by monitoring site in Aotearoa, 202023 PM 2.5 concentrations continue to improve at most sites, but all sites were above the 24-hour WHO guideline between 2020 and 2023 Between 2016 and 2023, trends of annual average PM 2.5 concentrations improved at 12 of the 16 sites (75 percent) where trends could be assessed (see figure 3)

Even if filters were made from biodegradable materials, they still contain toxic chemicals when used with tobacco