igf-1 lr3 does it close growth plates prematurely Mechanisms of IGF-1-Mediated Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy The growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor-I

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Abbreviations ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone cAMP: Cyclic AMP CRH: Corticotropin-releasing hormone ERK: Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase GABA: -Aminobutyric acid GH: Growth hormone GHR: Growth hormone receptor GHRH: Growth hormone-releasing hormone GHS: Growth hormone secretagogue IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1 IRS: Insulin receptor substrate JAK: Janus kinase L-DOPA: L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MEK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase mRNA : Messenger RNA mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin NPY: Neuropeptide Y PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription References Steyn FJ, Tolle V, Chen C, Epelbaum J

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