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Specifically, 4-HNE has been shown to induce the nuclear localization of Nrf2, a transcription factor that regulates the expression of antioxidant proteins like heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)

Reconstituted Peptides (if applicable) Store at 28 C in a refrigerator and use within a few weeks

How it works: Epitalon mimics a natural peptide produced by the pineal gland (called epithalamin) and is thought to work primarily by reactivating telomerase, the enzyme responsible for rebuilding telomeres

For instance, in M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages (Ms), there is a metabolic break at isocitrate dehydrogenase in the TCA cycle due to suppression of its mRNA expression, leading to the accumulation of citrate and itaconate, which drive lipid synthesis and stabilization of anti-inflammatory transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and activating transcription factor 3 ( Unlike nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) has an additional phosphate on the 2 position of the ribose ring that attaches to an adenine moiety and has a lower intracellular concentration than NAD + ( Figure 1A )