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Another area of increasing interest is the signaling role of astrocytic lactate beyond its role as an energy substrate: emerging evidence demonstrates that lactate induces histone lysine lactylation (e.g., H3K18la), activating transcription factors like Klf4 to regulate genes associated with synaptic plasticity (e.g., Arc, CREB), thereby contributing to epigenetic remodeling during long-term memory formationa mechanism that underscores metabolic signaling as a target for cognitive enhancement (Yao et al., 2023)

Miao CH, Thompson AR, Loeb K, Ye X

Preclinical investigations have also designed a bionic peptide, octadecadienoic acid (CIS-9,12)-FFVLK-FKPHFPKSYTKICQ (OAFF), for treating disc degeneration [441]

The most-studied version and the one you want in your skincare is GHK-Cu , which stands for glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-copper