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In cardiac cells, UQCRC1 prevents ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3 pathway, upregulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and downregulating the pro-apoptotic protein Bax (Yi et al., 2020)

Conversely, the inhibition of the de novo synthesis of GSH dampens intracellular antioxidant defence mediated by this system and increases oxidative stress (Reference Lian, Gnanaprakasam and Wang28)

Beyond the ferroptosis inhibitors listed above, cell-free therapies utilizing exosomes have emerged as a promising strategy

Unlike traditional weight-loss compounds that rely on appetite suppression or stimulant effects, 5-Amino-1MQ works at the cellular level to enhance energy efficiency, promote fat oxidation, and support muscle preservation through direct enzymatic modulation