propionyl l carnitine terraternal carnitine has been used as a standard in liquid chromatography Propionyl-L-carnitine Hydrochloride 98.0+%, TCI America™

For every 1 gram daily of carnitine supplementation, up to 4 grams, the results showed a significant mean reduction in the following compared with controls: BMI: 0.37 kg/m3 Fasting plasma glucose: 3 mg/dL HbA1c: 0.16% LDL cholesterol: 4 mg/dL Total cholesterol: 5 mg/dL Triglycerides: 6 mg/dL The greatest reductions in BMI were observed at 2 grams daily whereas serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and fasting plasma glucose had the greatest improvements at 4 grams daily (Mirrafiei 2024)

The results of the various forms of treatment

2019;9(3):a033464

The minor tautomers TC S2 , and TD S2 , were likely also present in small quantities as indicated by the hydrogen-stretching region