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Then, the plates were washed with PBS, and 10% trichloroacetic acid solution was added to the wells to precipitate the DNA and protein

Cleaved caspase-3 expression levels decreased in the BMMSC and BMMSCsDSY exosome groups, with the latter group exhibiting lower expression levels (261)

NAD + has an essential role as a source of ADP-ribose for three main classes of enzymes, each releasing nicotinamide as a byproduct: 1) mono- and poly-ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs, formerly PARPs) utilize ADP-ribose to modify proteins post-translationally and get activated during DNA repair processes 8

As with any injury, it is advised to prioritise good nutrition that focuses on protein and vitamin C, paired with staying hydrated, as a good foundation for recovery