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For the assessment of DNA damage, surface-stained cells were fixed with 4% ultrapure paraformaldehyde (Polysciences) for 15 min, permeabilized with ice-cold 100% methanol (Supelco) for 20 min, and subsequently stained for -H2AX (phopho-Ser139) for 1 h

These observations were also made with mechanistically different secondary stressors such as the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, rotenone, or proteasomal inhibitors such as MG-132 or bortezomib (Suppl

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Glutamine synthetase (GS) can maintain the phenotype of M2 macrophages, and the inhibition of GS skews M2-polarized macrophages toward the M1-like phenotype [27]