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What a COA (Certificate of Analysis) Should Include Identity Confirmation Mass spectrometry confirming the 9,111 Da molecular weight (70 amino acids total with the N-terminal extension) Amino acid sequence verification matching the LR3 modification (Arg at position 3, MFPAMPLSSLFVN extension) Purity Testing HPLC purity look for 98%+ purity The chromatogram should show a single dominant peak with minimal truncated-sequence or oxidized impurities Contamination Testing Endotoxin levels (critical this is injected intramuscular or subcutaneous) Residual solvent analysis Heavy metals screening Protein-Specific Tests (rare but ideal) Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy confirming secondary structure Bioactivity assay on MCF-7 or similar IGF-1-responsive cell line Most vendors skip the last category

Ron Riegel, DVM at the Ohio State University conducted a study on MSM supplementation for post-exercise recovery involving 30 racing Standardbreds

Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008;8:195562

ECG were recorded after mild sedation with ketamine (50 mg/kg body weight) and xylazine (5 mg/kg body weight), using a 60 W light bulb to maintain warmth, using a lead II system with three electrodes configuration: the negative electrode was placed on the right forelimb, the positive electrode on the left hind limb, and the neutral electrode on the right hind limb