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10.1159/000362826 36 FanL.FengY.ChenG

The ADA Standards of Care 2024 acknowledge oxidative stress as a mechanistic contributor to diabetic complications but stop short of recommending specific antioxidant supplementation due to inconsistent clinical outcomes data

This is fully understandable because mentioned ionic species create water soluble inorganic particulate matter, which, in urban regions, is a traffic-related PM fraction 48,58,67

Regarding optimization of existing therapeutics, anti-TNF- agents [286], integrin inhibitors [287], and IL-12/23 inhibitors [288] have been established as first- or second-line treatment options for moderate-to-severe IBD through their targeting of critical pathways such as inflammatory cascades and immune cell trafficking, while the implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), personalized dosing regimens, and novel drug delivery systems has been shown to further enhance therapeutic stability and safety profiles