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In addition, the oxidants may also originate from cytosolic enzyme systems, e.g., NADPH oxidases, and from exogenous triggers such as ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutics

Some studies have indicated a protective role of estradiol in mitochondria, showing that it can inhibit the passage of ROS into mitochondria as well as preventing mitochondrial collapse and increasing the rate of ATP synthesis (Wang et al., 2003

For instance, airway epithelial cells subjected to CS exhibit marked lipid peroxidation and ferroptotic damage (98)

Figure 3 (C) Heatmap representation of gene expression differences determined by RNA-seq