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Czaja AJ (2014) Hepatic inflammation and progressive liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease

A deficiency develops when any of the key steps in B12 absorption are disrupted

Abbreviations ADMET: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity AhR: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor AIF: Apoptosis-inducing factor Akt/mTORC1: Protein kinase B/Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 AKT1: Protein kinase B Alpha (also known as PKB or Akt1) ALI: Acute lung injury AMPK: AMP-Activated protein kinase ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome AUC: Area under the curve BAL: Bronchoalveolar lavage BCS: Biopharmaceutical classification system CaCC: Calcium-activated chloride channels CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator CLP: Cecal ligation and puncture C max : Maximum (peak) plasma concentration CNS: Central nervous system COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2 CYP2A13: Cytochrome P450 2A13 DPI: Dry powder inhaler DPLDs: Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases ECM: Extracellular matrix EGCG: Epigallocatechin gallate EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition ENaC: Epithelial sodium channel ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase FAK: Focal adhesion kinase FN1: Fibronectin 1 GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1 GM-CSF: Granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor GSH: Glutathione HDAC: Histone deacetylase HgCl: Mercuric chloride HIA+: Human intestinal absorption positive HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha HPH: Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension HRP: Horseradish peroxidase ILDs: Interstitial lung diseases iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase IPF: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis JAK1: Janus kinase 1 JNK: C-Jun N-terminal kinase Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 Kv1.5: Voltage-gated potassium channel subtype 1.5 LATS1: Large tumor suppressor kinase 1 LHA: Luteolin-hyaluronic acid LRTI: Lower respiratory tract infection LU-SLN: Luteolin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles M1/M2 macrophages: Macrophage polarization states MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MCT: Monocrotaline MDA: Malondialdehyde MDI: Metered dose inhaler MDM2: Mouse double minute 2 homolog miR-132: MicroRNA-132 MMPs: Matrix metalloproteinases mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin MYF: Myofibroblast NCT: National clinical trial NOX4: NADPH oxidase 4 NRF2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer PAH: Pulmonary arterial hypertension PASMCs: Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline PDGF-BB: Platelet-derived growth factor-BB PEA: Palmitoylethanolamide PEG: Poly(ethylene glycol) PF: Pulmonary fibrosis PFT: Pulmonary function test PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase Polyluteolin: Polymerized luteolin PPAR-: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma RTKs: Receptor tyrosine kinases siRNA: Small interfering RNA SIRT6: Sirtuin 6 SLN: Solid lipid nanoparticle Smad: Small mothers against decapentaplegic SMEDDS: Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system SOD: Superoxide dismutase STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins TAM: Tyro3, Axl, and Mer (a subfamily of RTKs) TCA: Tricarboxylic acid (cycle) TCM: Traditional Chinese medicine TGF-1: Transforming growth factor beta 1 TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4 T max : Time to reach maximum concentration TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor alpha Treg: Regulatory T cells TRPV1: Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 ZBP1: Z-DNA binding protein 1 -CD: Gamma-cyclodextrin References Vithalkar MP, Sandra KS, Bharath HB, Krishnaprasad B, Fayaz SM, Sathyanarayana B et al (2025) Network pharmacology-driven therapeutic interventions for interstitial lung diseases using traditional medicines: a narrative review

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