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Catalase (CAT) , a heme enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of H 2 O 2 to water + molecular O 2 , provides a vital cellular antioxidant defense 570

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2019) or aqueous extracts, shown to have antioxidant, cytoprotective, and antibacterial effects (Upadhyay et al

FIGURE 1 3 Core mechanistic roles of nAChRs in nicotine addiction As pivotal members of the ligand-gated cation channel superfamily, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) serve as the cornerstone of nicotine addiction neurobiology, with the complexity of their molecular architecture and functional modulation forming its fundamental basis ( 2 10 ) and 3 subunits ( 2 4 ) have been identified