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Extracted proteins were quantified using a Pierce BCA Protein Assay kit (Thermo Scientific, 23225)

Considering that collagen supplements are generally quite safe, adding them to an overall nutritious diet may be a worthwhile investment

Furthermore, GSH has an overall negative charge at physiological pH and mitochondria exhibit a large negative membrane potential

Its main structural protein, apolipoprotein (apo) AI, forms the framework that carries phospholipids and cholesterol in HDL ( Clinical studies consistently report lowered HDL-C levels in major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BPD), and schizophrenia, with severity correlating with symptom chronicity and treatment resistance ( Figure 1D )