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Hollyfield JG, Bonilha VL, Rayborn ME, Yang X, Shadrach KG, Lu L et al (2008) Oxidative damage-induced inflammation initiates age-related macular degeneration

[16] Additionally, L-citrulline has been shown to prevent heat-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, [17] a nice added bonus that pairs incredibly well with the effects of glycerol (above) and betaine (below): Betaine Anhydrous - 2.5g We often see betaine in pre-workout supplements due to its multifactored health benefits

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If a brand wants to claim formula-level benefits, it should support those claims with finished-product testing or a substantiation dossier built from ingredient-level literature, dose alignment, and intended-use context