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The optical density of both wild-type and phzA-G bacterial cultures over 24 h was 2.0 at 600 nm measured using a Bio-Rad Smartspec 3000 (Bio-Rad Laboratories Pvt Ltd, USA) using plain LB medium without bacterial cells as a blank

The violent agitation creates a vortex of air bubbles that physically damages peptide molecules through a process called interfacial stress

This reaction, known as mercapturic acid synthesis, increases the water solubility of the target compounds, facilitating their transport and excretion from the cell, a cornerstone of Phase II detoxification

Studies suggest that Semax may boost memory, attention, and learning by modulating neurotransmitter activity in the brain (32)