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Over-secretion of insulin may be triggered by the hyperreactivity of -cells to overconsumption of insulinogenic nutrients like carbohydrates and lipids, to compensate for decreased sensitivity to the hormone, in a vicious cycle that further increases weight gain [7778] Thus, while undernutrition is characterized by insufficient insulin secretion, -cell failure and hepatic insulin resistance, obesity induces insulin resistance in muscle, liver and adipose tissue through -cell overstimulation and chronic hyperinsulinemia [45,46,47,48, 50, 77, 78] Despite these opposite mechanisms, both conditions converge on -cell dysfunction and disrupted insulin signaling, leading to impaired glucose regulation

31 , e1903378 (2019)