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Neither is established in humans

The Procedure: Interventional radiologists use a tiny catheter to inject microscopic particles into the genicular arteries

Due to the passive diffusion of nutrients through the endplate, NPCs exist in a prolonged state of hypoxia and low glucose availability, forcing the cells to rely on glycolysis for energy production ( Furthermore, the accumulation of succinate due to impaired citric acid cycle activity increases the ROS peak at Complex I through reverse electron transfer (RET), resulting in a reduction in mtDNA copy number and an elevated mutation rate of genes encoding Complexes I and IIII (Zhou et al., 2024a)

Addressing AUD requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses behavioral therapies, medication-assisted treatment, and support for underlying mental health issues