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2.7 Pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease AD is driven by a complex interplay of genetic, molecular, and environmental factors, resulting in progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment (Yuksel and Tacal, 2019)

Seizure-related metabolic stress and ionic disequilibrium trigger microglial activation, which amplifies focal inflammation and excitotoxicity through pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-, and the NLRP3 inflammasome

In addition to optimizing shape, size, and surface charge, surface modifications are critical for fine-tuning the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and immune interactions of AuNPs

For example, in the liver affected by NAPQI, severity of injury may range from full necrosis in hepatocytes immediately around the central vein, to cells in the midzonal region that still survive, but have undergone adaptive responses as they continue to experience persistent JNK activation and oxidant stress, but have not yet reached an irreversible sustained MPT, to periportal hepatocytes that are minimally affected or undergoing successful repair