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Energy metabolism Helps convert food into energy Causes of Vitamin B12 Deficiency Poor dietary intake (especially vegetarians/vegans) Pernicious Anemia Gastric surgery (loss of intrinsic factor) Malabsorption disorders Long-term use of some medications (e.g., metformin) Signs and Symptoms of Deficiency Fatigue and weakness Pale skin Shortness of breath Numbness or tingling in hands and feet Difficulty walking Memory problems or confusion Smooth, red tongue (glossitis) Complications Megaloblastic Anemia Peripheral Neuropathy Cognitive impairment if untreated Diagnosis Blood test for serum Vitamin B12 level Complete blood count (shows macrocytic anemia) Elevated homocysteine or methylmalonic acid Treatment Vitamin B12 supplements Vitamin B12 injections for severe deficiency or malabsorption Dietary improvement Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause both anemia and nerve damage, so early diagnosis and treatment are important

Antifatigue activity of glycoprotein from Schisandra chinensis functions by reducing oxidative stress

Studies have found that lower strengths of tretinoin yield comparable photoaging benefits to higher strengths (0.025% versus 0.1%) but with significantly lower irritation

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