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In that study, the protective effects were closely associated with reductions in aspartate aminotransferase, ROS, and thiobarbituric acidreactive substances, an increase in catalase activity, and reductions in DNA damage and fragmentation of doublestrand DNA

IGF-1 has been shown to have anti-apoptotic effects in many cells, including oligodendrocytes (those cells responsible for myelination in the brain)

J Transl Med 21 , 519 (2023)

This impairment is specifically in the development of anthers and pollens, thus resulting in male sterility and producing parthenocarpic (seedless) fruits or having unviable seeds (Deslous et al., 2021)