These include inflammation, energy failure, loss of cellular homeostasis, acidosis, elevated intracellular calcium levels, excitotoxicity, cytokine- and free radical-mediated cytotoxicity, complement system activation, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, activation of glial cells, oxidative stress, and leukocyte infiltration (Figure 1) ( FIGURE 1 3.1 Oxidative stress Oxidative stress occurs when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds the bodys ability to neutralize and eliminate them ( Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are highly reactive molecules produced during nitrogen metabolism
Five milliliters of venous blood samples were drawn and transferred into clean plain tubes
MIND Harvard happiness professor Arthur C
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