cigarette smoking and ibd may cause inflammatory bowel disease Nicotine therapy for ulcerative colitis:
Nicotine therapy for ulcerative colitis: a review of rationale, mechanisms, pharmacology, and clinical results ScienceDirect Smoking and colorectal neoplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Doseeffect relationship Wijnands 2023 United European Gastroenterology Journal Wiley Online Library 11. The Autoimmune Plot Thickens Tobacco and Inflammatory Bowel Disease No Nightshade Kitchen Smoking affects gut immune system of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases by modulating metabolomic profiles and mucosal microbiota Gut
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