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Under normal physiological conditions, axonal mitochondria of long-projection neurons are enclosed in axoplasmic membranes, which are then shed and degraded by neighboring cells ( Mitophagy in neurons The human brain, despite accounting for only 2% of the bodys volume, is responsible for 25% of its oxygen consumption

These observations align with a pharmaco-epidemiological study that found evidence for metformin having a protective effect against the onset of mood disorders [135]

It also plays a vital role in neuronal migration, synapse formation, and myelinationthe process of insulating nerve fibers to ensure efficient signal transmission

Ketone bodies are acidic and when produced in excess over long periods, as in diabetes, cause ketoacidosis , which is ultimately fatal