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Excess ROS then activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia, promoting maturation and release of IL-1 ( 4.3 GSH metabolism: a central hub in mid-late SAE The hippocampus, with its high metabolic demands and low antioxidant capacity, is uniquely vulnerable to septic injury ( A Stat1-Gpx3 hub was identified, where TNF-/IL-1-induced Stat1 activation suppresses Nrf2 (confirmed by reduced hippocampal Nrf2)

In addition, GSH-CDs synthesized with a 1:1 ratio of FeCl 3 6H 2 O and GSH showed the best SOD-like activity with 260.1 U/mg, which was superior to that of 1:2 ratio (78.1 U/mg) and 2:1 ratio (32.5 U/mg) (Fig

Moreover, the potential of personalized medicine in managing oxidative stress-related neurodegeneration is gaining momentum: genetic variants in the Nrf2 signaling pathway or SIRT1-mediated deacetylation affecting astrocytic GSH synthesis (e.g., regulating glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit expression), combined with biomarkers like individual GSH levels and Nrf2 activity, could enable tailored interventions

Neves, J., Demaria, M., Campisi, J