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Methionine, magnesium, vitamin C, iron, P5P, and niacin, along with the cofactors responsible for regenerating SAMe from homocysteine (5-methylTHF, methylcobalamin, and betaine), are required for optimal carnitine synthesis (Figure 54-7)

GSH levels, turnover rates, and/or oxidation state can be compromised by inherited or acquired defects in the enzymes, transporters, signaling molecules, or transcription factors that are involved in its homeostasis, or from exposure to reactive chemicals or metabolic intermediates

In animal models, L-theanine appears to have a dose-dependent biphasic effect on NSAID-induced gastric ulcers, delaying healing at higher doses (40 mg/kg), but accelerating healing at lower doses (10 mg/kg) perhaps through the maintenance of glutathione levels thus protecting against oxidative damage (26)

Biochemical determination of antioxidant enzymes Glutathione peroxidase (GPx, EC 1.11.1.9) activity was determined using BioVision tests (BioVision, Mountain View, CA, USA)