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Concluding remarks and future directions Researches on the epigenetic mechanisms underlying depression and addiction have uncovered diverse alterations in DNA methylation, histone modifications and noncoding RNA pathways across stress- and reward-related circuits 77,179

roughly 50-98 % of an administered dose is renally excreted unmetabolized, underscoring the low intrinsic toxicity

Additionally, the interindividual variability in gut microbiota composition significantly influences polyphenol biotransformation into bioactive metabolites, complicating the prediction of therapeutic outcomes and impeding the standardization of treatments (Cardona et al

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