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Conventional drugs may lack these modifications, leading to challenges in formulation and administration

Greer EL, Brunet A (2005) FOXO transcription factors at the interface between longevity and tumor suppression

Volume of Distributi on (Vd) = amount of drug in body concentration of drug in blood Significance of volume of distribution Lipid insoluble drugs are mainly confined to plasma and interstitial fluids Lipid soluble drugs reach all compartments and may accumulate in fat For drugs that accumulate outside the plasma compartment by being in fat or bound to tissues Vd may exceed body volume Metabolism and Elimination Once a drug has been absorbed, distributed, encountered its site of action it has to be removed from the body The majority of drugs pass out of the body via the renal system

The endpoint for phase 2 was the change in TSS, including burning and lancinating pain, paresthesias, and numbness