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Excessive protein intake and metabolism exacerbates ionic imbalance and HS in poultry, thus it is recommended to offer low protein diets enriched with supplemented AAs to HS birds [56]

Furthermore, the use of animal models of CIPN in preclinical studies relies on oversimplified experimental designs that may not reflect the clinical reality of CIPN

Briefly, the total RNA was extracted from a rat liver after 14 days of feeding using a TRIzol reagent kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturers protocol

On the other hand, studies suggest that prebiotics and probiotics can influence the gut microbiota to reduce colonic inflammation, preserve both gut and BBB integrity, prevent the activation of microglial inflammatory phenotypes, and decrease inflammatory cytokine levels in the bloodstream and hippocampus (Yang et al., 2018)