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3.5 Technological advances in astrocytic metabolism research Furthermore, advances in imaging and metabolic tracing techniques enable researchers to observe real-time astrocyte-neuron metabolic interactions, such as astrocytes taking up glutamate via transporters and converting it to glutamine for neurons, providing new insights into how these cells coordinate to maintain brain homeostasis (Schousboe et al., 1997)

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This is one reason BPC-157's gut-protective mechanisms are considered potentially relevant to PMOS, though human clinical evidence remains limited