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In vitro experiments on PMSCs have shown that these cells may restore folliculogenesis, repair ovarian function, correct hormonal imbalances, and improve lipid profiles and liver function in a PCOS rat model

The role of different functional groups in carbon dots attributed to their antioxidant activity is emphasized

Organic acids testing (OAT) Organic acids are metabolic intermediates excreted in urine that reflect the functional status of specific biochemical pathways

The risk of off-target effects, immune system disruption, or toxicity when these agents are used in combination or over extended periods is still a significant challenge.254 For example, the selective removal of senescent cells by senolytics may inadvertently affect healthy cells that share certain senescent-like characteristics or may lead to inflammatory responses in tissues as a result of the clearance process.194 Additionally, long-term inhibition of pathways such as mTOR, which is involved in regulating cell growth, immune function, and metabolism, could have unintended consequences that need to be carefully studied in clinical trials.255 Thus, a key focus for the clinical development of these therapies will be determining optimal dosing regimens and ensuring the safe use of these agents without disrupting vital physiological processes