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It was originally developed in Russia and has been used clinically for decades to support cognitive function, neuroprotection, and recovery from neurological events

Some VLCDs, like Atkins diet, restrict carbohydrate intake to less than 20 g per day while allowing sufficient fat and protein consumption [327]

Mechanistically, mitochondrial delivery of Cu 2+ via ionophores (e.g., elesclomol) triggers FDX1-mediated reduction to Cu + , which induces proteotoxic stress through three convergent axes: ( + binding to TCA cycle components (e.g., DLAT)

This translocation provides luminal microbes, and their associated products, with an opportunity to migrate to distant organs and cause IRs that encourage the development of AD or exacerbate disease pathologies