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Immune Support: Interested in boosting immune system function

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Thus, due to the expression of the immunosuppressive molecules blocking antitumor immunity, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), on the surface of activated immune cells, the immune checkpoint inhibitors, anti-PD-1 such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies ipilimumab were also approved by FDA only for patients with microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair deficient (MSI-H/MMR-D) mCRC and exhibited multiple efficacies in CRC patients (Table 1) are currently evaluating combining immune checkpoint blockade with other modalities to stimulate an immunogenic response and turn immune-cold tumors into immune-hot to overcome the resistance of MSS/pMMR mCRC to immunotherapy (Wu et al., 2023)