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Hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial superoxide overproduction activates the hexosamine pathway and induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by increasing sp1 glycosylation

Furthermore, this process inhibits the expression of lipogenesis-related genes, ultimately enhancing ketogenesis (27, 28)

Dysfunction of the microbiota leads to decreased BA activity, reducing unconjugated BA and secondary BA production, weakening FXR activity, and exacerbating cirrhosis through various pathways: (1) In hepatocytes, FXR interacts with nuclear receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)- and liver X receptor (LXR) to form heterodimers, regulating downstream target gene expression

Antidepressant management of insomnia disorder in the absence of a mood disorder