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Cellular Protection: Protects mitochondria and cellular structures from oxidative and inflammatory damage

In addition, this activity was also correlated with the number of hydroxyl/imino groups in betalains

MPLA activates the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway to support phagocytic function and sustain redox homeostasis through NADPH generation The oxPPP generates NADPH to support both NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS generation and glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense ( Figure 3A ) (23)

Biosafety evaluation To evaluate the environmental safety of MSNs-ss-SA, comprehensive assessments were conducted using Oryza sativa , Daphnia magna , Eisenia fetida , and human hepatocyte L02 cells as representative model organisms for plants, aquatic systems, soil ecosystems, and human health, respectively