glutathione syndrome The Role of Metabolism in Chronic Illness Development and Its Potential Use as a Novel Therapeutic Target Lower plasma glutathione, choline, and

*Correspondence: Michihito Kono, [email protected]

It is not recognized by the FDA or any global regulatory agency as a drug, dietary supplement, or treatment

This process is inherently inefficient

R This pathway is the primary defense against: Aflatoxin B1 (a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus) Cadmium Epoxides (reactive Phase I intermediates from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) Lipid peroxidation products (4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde) Mercury (organic and inorganic forms) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) GSTs exist in three locations: cytosolic (the largest class, with alpha, mu, pi, theta, sigma, omega, and zeta subfamilies), mitochondrial (kappa class), and microsomal (MAPEG family)