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Author contributions The construction of the main framework: Z.L., F.Z., and S.Z

Carter BZ, Gronda M, Wang Z, Welsh K, Pinilla C, Andreeff M , Schober WD, Nefzi A, Pond GR, Mawji IA, Houghten RA, Ostresh J, Brandwein J, Minden MD, Schuh AC, Wells RA, Messner H, Chun K, Reed JC, Schimmer AD

Among the molecular mechanisms proposed, glutamate excitotoxicity, dysregulation of transcription, altered RNA metabolism, defective axonal transport, protein misfolding and aggregation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, disrupted protein trafficking, proteasome impairment, inflammation, activation of cell death signals, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress are the most discussed[2, 2932]

However, after fermentation, the product is 100% pure material existing only as glutathione L-Glutathione OPITAC is produced in Japan, through a fermentati