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PD pathology itself follows a selective pattern, affecting the SN, olfactory bulb, and brainstem early, yet most human studies measure global BBB permeability rather than region- or stage-specific changes ( Multicellular interactions within the NVU Interactions among astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, and endothelial subtypes within the NVU are poorly characterized in PD

Cureus 16(8):e67706

Plant compounds such as curcumin, resveratrol, and EGCG inhibit NF-B signaling by preventing IB phosphorylation, blocking nuclear translocation, and suppressing DNA binding activity (181, 189, 191)

Targeting these transcription factors is one of the methods to regulate the polarization direction of macrophages [94]