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[Abstract]2024 Nov;12(23):e70137

Abbreviations AMPK adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase ARE antioxidant-responsive element CAT catalase CHOP C/EBP homology protein CREB Cre-binding protein Cu, Zn-SOD copper-zinc superoxide dismutase eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase ERR- estrogen-related receptor FAS fatty acid synthase GPX glutathione peroxidase GR glutathione reductase GSH glutathione GSSG glutathione disulfide HNE 4-hydroxynonenal IFN- interferon- IL-1 interleukin-1 iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase LXR nuclear receptor liver x receptor MAFbx muscle atrophy F-box MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase MEF2 myocyte enhancer factor 2 Mn-SOD manganese superoxide dismutase MuRF-1 muscle RING-finger protein 1 NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NF-B nuclear factor-B NOX nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase NRF nuclear respiratory factor Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 OT overloaded training PGC-1 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- coactivator-1 PLA2 phospholipase A2 PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ROS reactive oxygen species RyR ryanodine receptor SIRT3 silent information regulator 3 TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substance TFAM mitochondrial transcription factor A TNF tumor necrosis factor TxnRd2, thioredoxin reductase-2 UCP uncoupling protein VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor XO xanthine oxidase Author Contributions Both authors contributed interactively to explore the background literature and to the writing procedure

Am J Epidemiol 161: 707713 Klettner A, Roider J (2009) Constitutive and oxidativestressinduced expression of VEGF in the RPE are differently regulated by different Mitogenactivated protein kinases

It calms inflammation while addressing the pigmentation that follows it