For use in vitamin B12 deficiency associated with cobalt deficiency in cattle and sheep and for vitamin B12 deficiency associated with inadequate vitamin B12 intake or intestinal malbsorption in swine and horses.
Common adverse effects include: Injection site reactions pain, redness, swelling, or bruising at the intramuscular injection site Gastrointestinal disturbances nausea, diarrhoea, or abdominal discomfort Headache and dizziness particularly following initial doses Skin reactions including rash, pruritus, or acne-like eruptions Flushing temporary redness of the skin Chromaturia red-coloured urine (harmless but can cause concern if unexpected) Less common but more serious reactions include: Hypersensitivity reactions ranging from mild urticaria to anaphylaxis (rare but potentially life-threatening) Hypokalaemia particularly during initial treatment when rapid cell production occurs [5] [16] Temporary changes in blood counts during correction of deficiency Interference with laboratory tests primarily with high-dose IV hydroxocobalamin used for cyanide poisoning, not typically with standard 1mg IM replacement doses Cautions and contraindications: Hypersensitivity to cobalt or vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin should be avoided in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy [2] [17] Chloramphenicol may reduce the haematological response to B12 therapy Patients receiving B12 injections outside clinical necessity face unnecessary risks without proven benefit
Permanent hair reduction is defined as the long-term, stable reduction in the number of hairs re-growing when measured at 6, 9, and 12 months after the completion of a treatment regime, as well as treatment of benign pigmented lesions (sun spots and brown spots), wrinkles, and vascular lesions (such as port-wine stains, hemangiomas, telangiectasias)
Vitamin B6 toxicity typically arises from supplements rather than natural food sources
