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International immunopharmacology, 2013, 15(2): 240- 245

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In laboratory models, GHK-Cu has been observed to stimulate the synthesis of collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans in skin fibroblasts

This alters enzyme thermostability and activity: Val/Val (G/G) High-activity enzyme (warrior type) Faster clearance of catecholamines Lower baseline dopamine/norepinephrine More stress-tolerant but prone to reduced motivation or dopamine-deficient symptoms Associated with higher homocysteine demand due to increased methyl use Met/Met (A/A) Low-activity enzyme (worrier type) Slower clearance of catecholamines Higher baseline dopamine/norepinephrine More prone to anxiety, pain sensitivity, and stress reactivity Less methyl group utilization, but higher oxidative burden from catechol accumulation Val/Met (G/A) Intermediate activity Balanced neurotransmitter levels Traits and risks lie between the extremes COMT and Cardiovascular Disease Catecholamine Balance High catecholamine levels (Met/Met) may increase oxidative stress and endothelial injury