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- Kontroller oplsningens pH ved hjlp af et pH-meter eller pH-strimler

Trophoblasts, in the process of connecting with maternal blood vessels, accelerate villi formation while expanding their surface area, which leads to increased intervillous space perfusion: OS levels are thus increased, triggering the expression of heat shock protein (hsp60 and hsp70), which results in retardation of fetal development and possible pregnancy failure [36]

Additional studies also report that chronic inflammation impairs key intracellular signaling cascades, such as PI3K/Akt and mTOR, in granulosa cells, thereby promoting ROS accumulation and impairing follicular maturation (Gonnella et al., 2022)

These results suggest that both low and high copper levels induce oxidative stress, with HepG2 ATP7B-KO cells being more sensitive under physiological copper conditions