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Fourth, the translation of mechanistic insights from animal or in vitro models remains tentative, as these systems may not recapitulate the complex interplay of metabolic, hormonal, and immune factors in human PCOS

Third, translational gaps between preclinical models and clinical practice are prominent: most therapeutic candidates (e.g., natural products and repurposed drugs) have only been validated in rodent models, with limited data on human renal tissue responses, optimal dosing windows, or potential drugdrug interactions in clinical settings (e.g., in patients undergoing kidney transplantation or cardiovascular surgery)

PMC 7305168

Although the 2 sets of data initially have similar rates of DNA rejoining, the AT cells have increased numbers of residual DNA double-strand breaks relative to controls at later times postirradiation